C A Reference Manual ^{2nd Ed.}

This second edition includes a complete description of the full C language, the Draft Proposed ANSI C language, and over 180 standard run-time library functions.

Including discussions of many of the C programming conventions and styles developed through the years, the book presents the language in a "bottom-up" order: the lexical structure, the preprocessor, declarations, types, expressions, statements, functions, and programs. Each section includes references to descriptions of other relevant language features so that the book can be read beginning at any point.

Among its key features, this edition:

• includes over 180 of the standard C run-time library routines found on most computers
• describes Draft Proposed ANSI C and its effect on current implementations
• organizes the book as a detailed reference with extensive examples
• explores programming conventions that will improve program portability across a range of implementations, and explains methods of representing data on various machines
• covers the newest extensions to the C language including structure assignment, structure results from functions, the enumeration data type, and the "void" data type.

1. The C Language
1. Introduction to C
1. Who Defines C?
2. An Overview of C Programming
3. Syntax Notation
2. Lexical Elements
1. The Source Character Set
2. Comments
3. Tokens
4. Operators and Separators
5. Identifiers
6. Reserved Words
7. Constants
3. The C Preprocessor
1. Preprocessor Commands
2. Preprocessor Lexical Conventions
3. Definition and Replacements
4. File Inclusion
5. Conditional Compilation
6. Explicit Line Numbering
4. Declarations
1. Organization of Declarations
2. Terminology
3. Storage Class Specifiers
4. Type Specifiers
5. Declarators
6. Initializers
7. Implicit Declarations
8. External Names
5. Types
1. Integer Types
2. Floating-point Types
3. Pointer Types
4. Array Types
5. Enumeration Types
6. Structure Types
7. Union Types
8. Function types
9. Void
10. Typedef Names
11. Type Equivalence
12. Type Names and Abstract Declarators
6. Conversions and represenations
1. Representation Issues
2. Conversions
3. The Usual Conversions
7. Expressions
1. General Comments
2. Expressions and Precedence
3. Primary Expressions
4. Postfix Expressions
5. Unary Expressions
6. Binary Operator Expressions
7. Logical Operator Expressions
8. Conditional Expressions
9. Assignment Expressions
10. Sequential Expressions
11. Constant Expressions
12. Order of Evaluation
13. Discarded Values
14. Compiler Optimization of Memory Access
8. Statements
1. General Syntactic Rules for Statements
2. Expression Statements
3. Labeled Statements
4. Compound Statement
5. Conditional Statement
6. Iterative Statements
7. Switch Statement: Case and Default Labels
8. Break and Continue Statements
9. Return Statement
10. Goto Statement and Named Labels
11. Null Statement
9. Functions
1. Function Definitions
2. Function Types
3. Formal Parameter Declarations
4. Adjustments to Parameter Types
5. Parameter-Passing Conventions
6. Agreement of Formal and Actual Parameters
7. Function Return Types
8. Agreement of Actual and Declared Return Type
9. Main Program
10. Program Structure
1. Modularization
2. Designing the Stack Module
3. Data Structures
4. Robustness
5. Allocating and Deallocating Stacks
6. Operations
7. Packaging the Module
11. Draft Proposed ANSI C
1. Lexical Elements
2. Preprocessor
3. Declarations
4. Types
5. Conversions and Representations
6. Expressions
7. Statements
8. Run-time Library
2. The C Libraries
12. The Run-time Library
1. Draft Proposed ANSI C Facilities
13. Standard Language Additions
1. NULL, ptrdiff_t, size_t
2. errno, strerror, perror
3. __DATE__, __FILE__, __LINE__, __TIME__, __STDC__
4. vararg, stdarg
14. Character Processing
1. isalnum, isalpha, isascii, iscntrl
2. iscsym, iscsymf
3. isdigit, isodigit, isxdigit
4. isgraph, isprint, ispunct
5. islower, isupper
6. isspace, iswhite
7. toascii
8. toint
9. tolower, toupper
15. String Processing
1. strcat, strncat
2. strcmp, strncmp
3. strcpy, strncpy
4. strlen
5. strchr, strpos, strrchr, strrpos
6. strspn, strcspn, strpbrk, strrbrk
7. strstr, strtok
8. strtod, strtol, strtoul
9. atof, atoi, atol
16. Memory Functions
1. memchr
2. memcmp, bcmp
3. memcpy, memccpy, memmove, bcpy
4. memset, bzero
17. Input/Output Facilities
1. EOF
2. fopen, fclose, fflush, freopen
3. setbuf, setvbuf
4. stdin, stdout, stderr
5. fseek, ftell, rewind
6. fgetc, getc, getchar, ungetc
7. fgets, gets
8. fscanf, scanf, sscanf
9. fputc, putc, putchar
10. fputs, puts
11. fprintf, printf, sprintf
12. vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf
13. fread, fwrite
14. feof, ferror, clearerr
15. remove, rename
16. tmpfile, tmpnam, mktemp
18. Storage Allocation
1. malloc, calloc, mlalloc, clalloc
2. free, cfree
3. realloc, relalloc
19. Mathematical Functions
1. abs, fabs, labs
2. div, ldiv
3. ceil, floor, fmod
4. exp, log, log10
5. frexp, ldexp, modf
6. pow, sqrt
7. rand, srand
8. cos, sin, tan
9. acos, asin, atan, atan2
10. cosh, sinh, tanh
20. Time and Date Functions
1. clock, clock_t, CLK_TCK, times
2. time, time_t
3. asctime, ctime
4. gmtime, localtime, mktime
5. difftime
21. Control Functions
1. assert, NDEBUG
2. exec, system
3. exit, abort
4. setjmp, longjmp, jmp_buf
5. onexit, onexit_t
6. signal, raise, gsignal, ssignal, psignal
7. sleep, alarm
22. Miscellaneous Functions
1. main
2. ctermid, cuserid
3. getcwd, getwd
4. getenv, getlogin, getopt, putenv
5. bsearch
6. qsort
1. The ASCII Character Set
2. Syntax of the C Language

Together with K&R, this is the updated bible for any C programmer. A must read.